जयपुर (राजस्थान ) का एक व्यापारी “अ” जयपुर  के ही एक दूसरे व्यापारी “ब” को कोई माल 10 लाख रुपये में बेचता है और मान लीजिये कि राज्यों के जी.एस.टी. की दर 9 प्रतिशत है एवं केंद्र के जी.एस.टी. की दर 9 प्रतिशत रहती है इस प्रकार जी.एस.टी. की कुल दर 18 प्रतिशत हुई (फिलहाल मान लीजिये ) तो “अ” इस व्यवहार में 90000.00 रुपये एस.जी.एस.टी. (राज्य का जी.एस.टी.) एवं 90000.00 रुपये सी.जी.एस.टी. (केंद्र का जी.एस.टी.) के रूप में अपने खरीददार “ब” से वसूल करेगा.

IN THE BOOKS OF A

On Sale of Goods
B  a/c		Dr.		1180000.00
To Sales a/c		Cr.			1000000.00
To SGST a/c		Cr.			90000.00
To CGST a/c		Cr			90000.00
Total				1180000.00	1180000.00
On payment of Tax
SGST a/c		Dr		90000.00
CGST a/c		Dr		90000.00
To Bank a/c		Cr			180000.00
				180000.00	180000.00
SGST ACCOUNT
PARTICULARS	AMOUNT		PARTICULARS			AMOUNT
Bank Account	90000.000		By B a/c			90000.00
Total	90000.00		Total			90000.00
CGST ACCOUNT
PARTICULARS	AMOUNT		PARTICULARS			AMOUNT
Bank Account	90000.000		By B a/c			90000.00
Total	90000.00		Total			90000.00

आइये अब इस व्यवहार को और भी आगे ले जाएँ

आइये अब इस व्यवहार को और भी आगे ले जाएँ  और देखें  कि इसी माल को जयपुर  का “ब” नामक व्यापारी अब राजस्थान के ही अन्य शहर अजमेर के किसी अन्य व्याप री “स” को 10.50 लाख रुपये में बेचता है तो वह 94500.00 रुपये एस.जी.एस.टी. एवं 94500.00 रुपये सी.जी.एस.टी. के रूप में वसूल करेगा .

IN THE BOOKS OF B
On Purchases of Goods
Purchases a/c	Dr.	100000.00
To SGST a/c	Dr	90000.00
To CGST a/c	Dr.	90000.00
To A a/c	Cr		1180000.00
Total		1180000.00	1180000.00
On Sale of Goods
C  a/c	Dr.	1239000.00
To Sales a/c	Cr.		1050000.00
To SGST a/c	Cr.		94500.00
To CGST a/c	Cr		94500.00
Total		1239000.00	1239000.00
On payment of Tax
SGST a/c	Dr	4500.00
CGST a/c	Dr	4500.00
To Bank a/c	Cr		9000.00
Total		9000.00	9000.00

LEDGER ACCOUNT

SGST ACCOUNT
PARTICULARS	AMOUNT	PARTICULARS	AMOUNT
To A Account	90000.00	By C a/c	94500.00
To Bank Account	4500.00
Total	94500.00	Total	94500.00

–

CGST ACCOUNT
PARTICULARS	AMOUNT	PARTICULARS	AMOUNT
To A Account	90000.00	By C a/c	94500.00
To Bank Account	4500.00
Total	94500.00	Total	94500.00

इसका सौदे का तीसरा भाग देखें

सी  एक रिटेल डीलर है और उसने इसी वस्तु को एक ग्राहक डी को 11 लाख रूपये में बेचा और उस पर कर के रूप में 9% एस.जीएस.टी. एवं 9% सी.जी.एस.टी. वसूल किया . इस प्रकार एस.जी.एस.टी. के रूप में सी ने 99000.00 और सी.जी.एस.टी. के रूप में भी 99000.00 रुपया वसूल किया जिसमें से अपने द्वारा पहले चुकाया गया कर एस.जी.एस.टी.94500.00रुपया एवं  सी.जी.एस.टी. कर 94500.00 रुपया की इनपुट क्रेडिट लेने के बाद एस.जी.एस.टी. 4500.00 रुपया एवं सी.जी.एस.टी. 4500.00 रुपया जमा कराया है .

IN THE BOOKS OF c On Purchases of Goods
Purchases a/c	Dr.	1050000.00
To SGST a/c	Dr	94500.00
To CGST a/c	Dr.	94500.00
To B a/c	Cr		1239000.00
On Sale of Goods
D  a/c	Dr.	1298000.00
To Sales a/c	Cr.		1100000.00
To SGST a/c	Cr.		99000.00
To CGST a/c	Cr		99000.00
Total		1298000.00	1298000.00
LEDGER ACCOUNT SGST ACCOUNT PARTICULARS AMOUNT PARTICULARS AMOUNT To B Account 94500.00 By D a/c 99000.00 To Bank Account 4500.00 Total 99000.00 Total 99000.00 CGST ACCOUNT PARTICULARS AMOUNT PARTICULARS AMOUNT To B Account 94500.00 By D a/c 99000.00 To Bank Account 4500.00 Total 99000.00 Total 99000.00 On payment of Tax
SGST a/c	Dr	4500.00
CGST a/c	Dr	4500.00
To Bank a/c	Cr		9000.00
		9000.00	9000.00

How to pass accounting entries under GST

Goods and service tax or GST will be one tax to subsume all taxes. It will bring in “One nation one tax” regime.

While there will be certain initial transition challenges, GST will bring in much clarity in many areas of business. One of the areas is accounting and bookkeeping. Read on to find out about accounting entries under GST.

Current scenario:

Separate accounts have to be maintained for excise, VAT, CST and service tax. Here’s a list of the few accounts currently any business has to maintain (apart from accounts like purchase, sales, stock) –

• Excise payable a/c (for manufacturers)
• CENVAT credit a/c (for manufacturers)
• Output VAT a/c
• Input VAT a/c
• Input Service tax a/c
• Output Service tax a/c

For example, a trader Mr. X must maintain the minimum basic accounts –

• Output VAT a/c
• Input VAT a/c
• CST A/c (for inter-state sales and purchases)
• Service tax a/c [He will not be able to claim any service tax input credit as he is a trader with output VAT. Service tax cannot be setoff against VAT/ CST]

GST Regime

Under GST all these taxes (excise, VAT, service tax) will get subsumed into one account.
The same trader X has to then maintain the following a/cs (apart from accounts like purchase, sales, stock) –

• Input CGST a/c
• Output CGST a/c
• Input SGST a/c
• Output SGST a/c
• Input IGST a/c
• Output IGST a/c
• Electronic Cash Ledger (to be maintained on Government GST portal to pay GST)

For a list of accounts to be maintained please read here.

While the number of accounts is more apparently, once you go through the accounting you will find it is much easier for record keeping. One of the biggest advantages X will have is that he can setoff his input tax on service with his output tax on sale.

Accounting entries under GST

How to pass accounting entries in GST

Let us consider a few basic business transactions (all amounts excluding GST)-

Example 1: Intra-state

1. Mr. X purchased goods Rs. 1,00,000 locally (intrastate)
2. He sold them for Rs. 1,50,000 in the same state
3. He paid legal consultation fees Rs. 5,000
4. He purchased furniture for his office for Rs. 12,000

Assuming CGST @8% and SGST@8%

The entries will be-

1	Purchase A/c ………………Dr.	1,00,000
	Input CGST A/c ……………Dr.	8,000
	Input SGST A/c ………    …Dr.	8,000
	To Creditors A/c		1,16,000
2	Debtors A/c ………………Dr.	1,74,000
	To Sales A/c		1,50,000
	To Output CGST A/c		12,000
	To Output SGST A/c		12,000
3	Legal fees A/c ………..……Dr.	5,000
	Input CGST A/c ……………Dr.	400
	Input SGST A/c ……………Dr.	400
	To Bank A/c		5,800
4	Furniture A/c ………..……Dr.	12,000
	Input CGST A/c ……………Dr.	960
	Input SGST A/c ……………Dr.	960
	To ABC Furniture Shop A/c		13,920

Total Input CGST=8,000+400+960= Rs. 9,360
Total Input SGST=8,000+400+960= Rs. 9,360
Total output CGST=12,000
Total output SGST=12,000
Therefore Net CGST payable=12,000-9,360=2,640
Net SGST payable=12,000-9,360=2,640

5	Output CGST A/c ……………Dr.	12,000
	Output SGST A/c ……………Dr.	12,000
	To Input CGST A/c		9,360
	To Input SGST A/c		9,360
	To Electronic Cash Ledger A/c		5,280

Thus due to input tax credit, tax liability of Rs. 24,000 is reduced to only Rs.5,280. Also, GST on legal fees is also adjusted which was not possible in current tax regime.

If there had been any input tax credit left it would have been carried forward to the next year.

Example 2: Inter-state

1. Mr. X purchased goods Rs. 1,50,000 from outside the State
2. He sold Rs. 1,50,000 locally
3. He sold Rs.1,00,000 outside the state
4. He paid telephone bill Rs. 5,000
5. He purchased an air cooler for his office for Rs. 12,000 (locally)

Assuming CGST @8% and SGST@8%

1	Purchase A/c ………………Dr.	1,50,000
	Input IGST A/c ……………Dr.	24,000
	To Creditors A/c		1,74,000
2	Debtors A/c ………………Dr.	1,74,000
	To Sales A/c		1,50,000
	To Output CGST A/c		12,000
	To Output SGST A/c		12,000
3	Debtors A/c ………………Dr.	1,16,000
	To Sales A/c		1,00,000
	To Output IGST A/c		16,000
4	Telephone Expenses A/c ..…Dr.	5,000
	Input CGST A/c ………………..Dr.	400
	Input SGST A/c …..……………Dr.	400
	To Bank A/c		5,800
5	Office Equipment A/c.…..Dr.	12,000
	Input CGST A/c ……………Dr.	960
	Input SGST A/c ……………Dr.	960
	To ABC Furniture Shop A/c		13,920

Total CGST input =400+960=1,360
Total CGST output =12,000
Total SGST input =400+960=1,360
Total SGST output =12,000
Total IGST input =24,000           
Total IGST output =16,000

Particulars	CGST	SGST	IGST
Output liability	12,000	12,000	16,000
Less: Input tax credit
CGST	1,360
SGST		1,360
IGST	8,000		16,000
Amount payable	2,640	10,640	NIL

Any IGST credit will first be applied to set off IGST and then CGST. Balance if any will be applied to setoff SGST.
So out of total input IGST of Rs. 24,000, firstly it will be completely setoff against IGST. Then balance Rs.8,000 against CGST.
From the total Rs.40,000, only Rs. 13,280 is payable.
So the setoff entries will be-

	Setoff against CGST output
1	Output CGST ………………Dr.	9,360
	To Input CGST A/c		1,360
	To Input IGST A/c		8,000
2	Setoff against SGST output
	Output SGST ………………Dr.	1,360
	To Input SGST A/c		1,360
3	Setoff against IGST output
	Output IGST ………………Dr.	16,000
	To Input IGST A/c		16,000
4	Final payment
	Output CGST A/c ……………Dr.	2,640
	Output SGST A/c ……………Dr.	10,640
	To Electronic Cash Ledger A/c		13,280

GST impact on financials

Profit & Loss Account

Particulars	Rs.	Particulars	Rs.
Raw material consumption	XXX [Decrease]	Sales	XXX***
Purchases	XXX
Depreciation	XXX
Other Expenses	XXX

Reduction in raw material cost and other expenses
GST will mean seamless input credits for intrastate and interstate purchases of goods. This will mean reduction in cost of raw materials as input GST can be setoff against the output GST payable on sales. Also GST paid on many services like legal consultation, audit fees, engineering consultation etc. can be setoff against output GST. Currently input credit of service tax paid cannot be adjusted against output excise/VAT.

All this will effectively bring down the expenses.
***Impact on sales may vary depending on the industry and the GST rates.

Balance Sheet

Particulars	Rs.	Particulars	Rs.
Capital	XXX	Fixed assets	XXX [Decrease]
Current liabilities	XXX	Current assets	XXX
Tax payable	XXX	Credit receivable	XXX

Effective cost of fixed assets will come down as input credit will be available on both capital goods and services related to such goods like installation, inspection etc.
Tax payable and credit receivable will face changes too. There will be only three accounts under each of them- SGST, CGST, IGST instead of maintaining current excise payable, CENVAT credit, VAT payable, VAT credit, Service tax accounts.

Accounting principles
GAAP is applicable mandatorily on GST. So, all principles following revenue recognition etc. will be applicable.

Period of retention of accounts
Every registered taxable person must keep and maintain books of account for five years from the due date of filing of Annual Return for the relevant year.

Transition to GST will need to address various aspects of financial reporting systems for proper reporting. 
It is important that businesses plan to address changes arising out GST implementation in the best manner to reduce cost of transition and minimize business disruption.